Vol 3 Test 2 Part 4

You will hear a university professor giving a lecture on the influence of children on the adult diet. First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40 on pages seven and eight. Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.

Today we continue with our series of lectures on diet and society in the 21st century. We are all aware of the obesity epidemic facing our society. The reasons for this are well documented and are mainly due to poor eating habits coupled with too little exercise. In fact, a National Health and Nutrition Survey here in the US concluded that the average total food intake increased considerably between the years 1971 and 2000. This appears to be a general trend across most age groups.

Apart from the over 60s, all areas of American society are consistently above the dietary guidelines for caloric intake and saturated fat. However, total fat consumption is highest for teenagers, and there is a clear correlation with fast food consumption. Among the wide range of factors influencing an individual's dietary choices, one of the strongest influences is the home. It will come as no surprise that within a family, the fat intakes of husbands and wives, and parents and children who cohabit, are remarkably similar.

Many people assume that this relationship indicates the influence of parents on their children, but we wanted to ask whether children influence poor diets in adults. This hypothesis had not been tested in a national sample until now. In our study, we focused only on adults, setting the lower age limit at 17 and the upper one at 65. The key variable was the presence or absence of children, so we identified only those adults whose children were under 17.

Other variables included the age of the adult, the level of education they had reached, their ethnic background, their income, and foreign-born status. To obtain our data, we first conducted interviews in the respondents’ own homes, and in total, we interviewed 6,600 adults aged over 17. Then we invited them to mobile examination centres where further surveys were conducted.

From this information, we were able to focus not only on total fat intake but also on total caloric consumption. Our results show that the presence of children led to significantly higher levels of both fat consumption and saturated fat in adults. On average, adults with children in the home ate 4.9 grams per day more fat than adults without children. This result is consistent irrespective of race, gender, or age.

The foods more commonly consumed were convenience items high in fat or sugar, including pizza, salty snacks, and ice cream. Interestingly, there is also a significantly higher percentage of adults in this group who drink milk. There are many explanations for this increased fat intake. Hectic schedules, where parents try to balance work, family, and leisure, put time at a premium. Another issue is children’s preference for fatty foods or foods with a high sugar content, and fast food and ready-to-eat foods are convenient choices.

It is inconvenient to prepare different meals for both children and parents, so it is likely that adults consume the same foods as their children. Of course, there were limitations to our study. One is that we did not take into account the number of minors in each household, which could have an effect on the adult who feeds the children. In addition, the study does not consider the relationship of the adult to the minor.

We could also postulate that the older a child gets, the more independent he or she becomes, and so the influence a child has on an adult may lessen depending on the child’s age. In terms of recommendations, we would like to see more research conducted to overcome the limitations outlined earlier. We also feel there is a need for further research into the influence that friends can have on our fat intake, given the clear link we have established between family members.

That is the end of section four. You now have half a minute to check your answers. That is the end of the listening test. You now have 10 minutes to transfer your answers to the listening answer sheet.